http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/66030/index.html

从上海11.15住宅楼火灾事故看高层建筑避难

作者[孙锡云] 发表于[2010-11-21 9:12:00]

从上海11.15住宅楼火灾事故看高层建筑避难

{导读}

1115日,上海一高层建筑火灾引起人们对避难层的关注。
  根据《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》,超过100米的高层建筑,每14层就应该建一层避难层。但是调查发现,我国各地高层建筑避难层的建设管理和实际需要还有很大差距,难以应对突发火灾。

避难层,高楼里面难寻觅

消防部门曾做过实验,一座高度为100米的高层建筑,在无阻挡情况下,烟气顺竖向管井扩散至顶层只需要30秒,瞬间,整幢建筑即可形成“立体火场”。

我们的城市越来越高了,我们的安全保障是否也随之提高了呢?让我们一起看一看各地的现状。

南京:多家高层楼盘没设立

  世茂外滩新城以超高层建筑闻名,53层,超过160米高度,让其成为南京住宅产品第一高度。记者在世茂外滩新城5号楼内看到,每层楼每单元内都配备了两个消火栓,但有部分楼层的消防通道,却因业主放置了杂物而无法通行。记者走遍整个楼,没有发现避难层。
  记者在随后的走访中,发现仁恒江湾城、长江路九号等诸多知名楼盘,都没有避难层。
  三益中国高栋院长解释:
在国家的《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》中仅对建筑高度超过100米的公共建筑,应设置避难层的要求。住宅是居住建筑,故不设置避难层。

济南:公共建筑有 居民楼没有

济南消防支队防火监督处处长王永祝介绍,目前济南有18100米以上高层建筑设立了避难层,但这些建筑都是公共建筑,不包括居民楼。

——《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95(2005)中规定的“民用建筑”包括居民住宅。有“专家”偷换概念,请网友注意甄别。

避难层,白领居民不知晓

无锡:市民多数不知有避难层

  市民:“避难层?怎么可能有避难层?现在又不打仗,没听说过这东西啊,人防设施倒是知道的。”
  陈先生在复兴路一座超百米高的写字楼里上班,他表示,尽管已经呆了3年多,“但还真不知道避难层,等会我回单位时去找找”。
  原因:记者跟随陈先生来到该高楼里,问了好几位业主和工作人员都表示不清楚避难层在哪里。最后,一位清洁人员带着记者走到大楼的某一层,指着一块写着避难层的牌子说,这一层就是,只是避难层有一部分已经被用作餐厅和办公区了,所以大部分人根本不知道大楼里还有避难层的存在。

南宁:市民对避难层“闻所未闻”

  南宁建成并备案建有避难层的超百米的建筑有3座。记者在调查中发现,很多市民对于避难层是“闻所未闻”。

市民缺乏逃生知识缺乏、避难层避难层有效管理是避难不为人知的原因。看来,建起避难层只是打一个基础,要想它发挥作用,还需要多宣传和有效管理。

 

 

名词解释

避难层

  避难层(refuge storey)是高层建筑中用作消防避难的楼层。一般建筑高度超过100m的高层建筑,为消防安全专门设置的供人们疏散避难的楼层。通过避难层的防烟楼梯应在避难层分隔、同层错位或上下层断开,但人员均必须经避难层方能上下。

 高层建筑

  高度在24米到100米的建筑

 超高层建筑

  100米以上的建筑

 民用建筑

  人们居住和进行公共活动的建筑的总称。分为居住建筑公共建筑两大类。公共建筑指医院、商场、写字楼等建筑。

法律法规

关于避难层的规定

 ·14层须建一避难层。即一般第15层为避难层。

 ·每平方米要能容纳5人。

 ·应设消防电梯出口

 ·设消防专线电话,并应设有消火栓和消防卷盘。

 ·封闭式避难层应设独立的防烟设施。

 ·应设有应急广播和应急照明。

——《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95(2005)

 

 为何是14层?为何每平米5人?理论依据是什么?

  高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95(2005) 6.1.13 条规定,建筑高度超过100m的公共建筑,每隔14层就要设置一个避难层。为什么要设置避难层,为什么是14层呢?《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95(2005)  的修订说明中进行了详细解释:

  6.1.13 条是新增加的。

  一、高度100m以上的建筑物,一旦遇有火灾,要将建筑内的人员完全疏散到室外比较困难。加拿大有关研究部门提出以下数据,使用一座宽1.10m的楼梯,将高层建筑的人员疏散到室外,所用时间见表9

  除十八层及十八层以下的塔式高层住宅和单元式高层住宅之外的高层民用建筑,每个防火分区的疏散楼梯都不会少于两座,即便是采用剪刀楼梯的塔式高层建筑,其疏散楼梯也是两个。从表9中的数字可以看出,疏散时间可以减少1/2。即使这样,当层数在三十层以上时,要将人员在尽短的时间里疏散到室外,仍然是不容易的事情。因此,本规范提出高度超过1OOm的公共建筑,应设避难层或避难间。

  二、近几年国内高层建筑设置避难层或避难间的情况见表10

  从表10可以看到,国内设计虽然无规范作依据,但参考了国外或是某一地区的规范或规定,设置了避难层或避难间,这是可取的技术措施。因此,本规范修订时,增加了设避难层的条款。避难层或避难间是发生火灾时,人员逃避火灾威胁的安全场所,应有较严格的要求。为此,对设置避难层的技术条件作了具体规定。这里对几个方面的问题,作简要说明。

  1.从首层到第一个避难层之间的楼层不宜超过十五层的原因是,发生火灾时集聚在第十五层左右的避难层人员,不能再经楼梯疏散,可由云梯车将人员疏散下来。目前国内有一部分城市配有50m高的云梯车,可满足十五层高度的需要。

  还考虑到各种机电设备及管道等的布置需要,并能方便于建成后的使用管理,两个避难层之间的楼层,大致定在十五层左右。

  2.进入避难层的入口,如没有必要的引导标志,发生了火灾,处于极度紧张的人员不容易找到避难层。为此提出防烟楼梯间宜在避难层错动位置或上下层断开通过避难层,但均应通过避难层,使需要进入的人能尽早进入避难层。

  3.避难层的人员面积指标,是设计人员比较关心的事情。集聚在避难层的人员密度是要大一些,但又不致于过分地拥挤。考虑到我国人员的体型情况,就席地而坐来讲,平均每平方米容纳5个人还是可以的。

  4.其余条款在设计中应予满足,因为这些要求,是比较重要的、缺一不可的。

 

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[aldfi(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-22 10:12:31]
aldfi(游客)http://bbs.tga.plu.cn/thread-3548477-1-1.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[jiqsw(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-21 14:10:07]
jiqsw(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/73171/archives/2011/108518.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[mpuwa(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-21 14:05:56]
mpuwa(游客)http://www.anqiu123.com/store-1787/document-id-382179.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[xbfjn(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-19 15:25:41]
xbfjn(游客)http://qucg8o4ae8qucg0.yupoo.com/
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[jmrtx(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-19 14:57:09]
jmrtx(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/85686/archives/2011/109954.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[wlqkn(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-16 1:46:19]
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[lqswa(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-14 17:56:21]
lqswa(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/85686/archives/2011/107119.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[zpruy(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-13 18:06:57]
zpruy(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/66030/archives/2012/122581.html
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[eoegj(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-11 15:33:56]
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[cbqux(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-9 15:04:00]
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[qfkmp(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-8 18:36:29]
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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

作者[cgkos(游客)] 发表于[2016-10-8 15:11:18]
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原创

作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-30 10:45:31]
原创(游客)http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c820ca2 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8216e5 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80cf81 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f7d35 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8210be http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f5789 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c821240 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c802752 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f59ca http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c2d4

原创

作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-28 16:10:45]
原创(游客)http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6ddbd8 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6dea82 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c711511 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c70f6a4 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6e9e4a http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c7113fe http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c7073bd http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ed34f http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6de894 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c710988

原创

作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-6 16:36:30]
原创(游客)http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87ba http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b9 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b8 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b7 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b6 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b5 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b4 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b3 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b2 http://njryw2017.lofter.com/post/1e5a85e5_c3e87b1
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